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  <!ENTITY dct  "http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
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  <!ENTITY base "http://www.resist-noe.org/ontology/resist">
]>
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         xmlns:rdf="&rdf;"
         xmlns:rdfs="&rdfs;"
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  <owl:Ontology rdf:about="">
    <rdfs:label>ReSIST Ontology</rdfs:label>
    <dc:title xml:lang="en">ReSIST Ontology</dc:title>
    <dc:description xml:lang="en">The ReSIST Ontology encompasses concepts within the fields of research in Resilient, Survivable and Dependable Systems</dc:description>
    <owl:versionInfo rdf:datatype="&xsd;string">0.1</owl:versionInfo>
    <dc:creator>Hugh Glaser</dc:creator>
    <dc:creator>Afraz Jaffri</dc:creator>
    <dc:creator>Ian Millard</dc:creator>
    <dc:creator>Bene Rodriguez</dc:creator>
    <dc:created>2006-03-15</dc:created>
    <owl:imports rdf:resource="http://www.aktors.org/ontology/portal"/>
  </owl:Ontology>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Incompetence-Fault">
    <rdfs:comment>Faults which happen by mistake or through a bad decision that were the result of incompetence.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Fault" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Downgrading">
    <rdfs:comment>Downgrading means that the developed system is delivered with less functionality, lower performance, or is predicted to have lower dependability or security than was required in the original system specification.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Partial-Development-Failure" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Error-Detection">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Fault-Tolerance" />
    <rdfs:comment>Error detection identifies the presence of an error.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Trojan-Horse">
    <rdfs:comment>A trojan horse is a program that masquerades as a useful service but exploits the rights of the program's user in a way the user does not intend.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Malicious-Flaw" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Dependable-Systems-Technology">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&akt;Research-Area" />
    <rdfs:comment>Includes all features and research areas of dependable systems technology.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Malicious-Flaw">
    <rdfs:comment>A malicious flaw is an intentional flaw where the objective is to cause harm or damage to a system.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Intentional-Flaw" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Augmentive-Maintenance">
    <rdfs:comment>Augmentive maintenance means to make modifications that are an augmentation of the systems function.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Maintenance-By-Modification" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Program-Fraud">
    <rdfs:comment>Program Fraud involves either the creation of a program with a view to defraud, or the alteration or amendment of a program to such ends.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Computer-Fraud" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Natural-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Fault" />
    <rdfs:comment>Natural Faults are physical (hardware) faults that are caused by natural phenomena without human participation.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Fault-Prevention">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Means-To-Attain-Dependable-Systems" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Interception">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Transit-Attack" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Static-Analysis">
    <rdfs:comment>Static analysis consists of inspections or work-throughs, data flow analysis, complexity analysis, abstract interpretation, compiler checks, vulnerability search etc.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Static-Verification" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Spoofing-Attack">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Masquerade" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Intentional-Flaw">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Security-Flaw" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Transit-Attack">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Run-Attack" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Numerical-Content-Failure">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Content-Failure" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Symbolic-Execution">
    <rdfs:comment>Symbolic execution means that the inputs supplied to a system for verification are symbolic.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Dynamic-Verification" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Validation">
    <rdfs:comment>Validation means checking the system specification.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Fault-Removal" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Software-Exploitation">
    <rdfs:comment>Includes bugs or back doors.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Vulnerability-Exploitation" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Personnel-Exploitation">
    <rdfs:comment>Includes error of omission, incompetence, recklessness or malice, system administration errors.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Vulnerability-Exploitation" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Fault-Forecasting">
    <rdfs:comment>Fault forecasting is conducted by performing an evaluation of the system behaviour with respect to fault occurrence or activation.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Means-To-Attain-Dependable-Systems" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Attribute-Of-Dependable-Systems">
    <rdfs:comment>The attributes that make a system dependable.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Dependable-Systems-Technology"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Software-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Fault" />
    <rdfs:comment>Software faults are faults that affect software, i.e, programs or data.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Serialisation-Error">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Inadvertent-Flaw" />
    <rdfs:comment>A serialisation error permits the asynchronous behaviour of different system components to be exploited to cause a security violation.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Hardware-Flaw">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Security-Flaw" />
    <rdfs:comment>A hardware flaw is a flaw in which hardware exhibits security flaws that did not originate as errors in programs.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Reconfiguration">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Fault-Handling" />
    <rdfs:comment>Reconfiguration either switches in spare components or reassigns tasks among non-failed components.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Operational-Fault">
    <rdfs:comment>Operational faults occur during service delivery when the system is accepted for use and starts delivery of its service to users (use phase).</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Fault" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Commission-Fault">
    <rdfs:comment>The performance of wrong actions.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Human-Made-Fault" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Non-Deliberate-Fault">
    <rdfs:comment>Non-Deliberate faults are due to mistakes, that is, unintended actions of which the developer, operator, maintainer etc. is not aware.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Non-Malicious-Fault" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Fault-Tolerance">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Means-To-Attain-Dependable-Systems" />
    <rdfs:comment>Fault tolerance, which is aimed at failure avoidance, is carried out via error detection and system recovery.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Program-Integrity-Attack">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Program-Fraud"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Maintainability">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Attribute-Of-Dependable-Systems"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Maintainability means the ability to undergo modifications and repairs.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Solid-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Permanent-Fault" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Major-Error">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Error" />
    <rdfs:comment>A major error causes a major fault.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Guess">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Password-Attack" />
    <rdfs:comment>If a password is guessed, it may suggest a weak password approach.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Run-Attack-In-Excess-Of-Authorisation">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Run-Attack" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Recovery">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Fault-Tolerance"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Recovery transforms a system state that contains one or more errors and (possibly) faults into a state without detected errors and without faults that can be activated again.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Operating-System-Flaw">
    <rdfs:comment>Flaws that occur within the operating system program.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Software-Flaw" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Hardware-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Fault" />
    <rdfs:comment>hardware faults are faults that originate in, or affect, hardware.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Data-Integrity-Attack">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Data-Fraud" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="System-Initialisation-Flaw">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Operating-System-Flaw"/>
    <rdfs:comment>System initialisation flaws can occur either because the operating system fails to establish the initial protection domains as specified or because the system administrator has not specified a secure initial configuration for the system.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Reinitialisation">
    <rdfs:comment>Reinitialisation checks, updates and records the new configuration and updates system tables and records.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Fault-Handling" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Software-Flaw">
    <rdfs:comment>Software flaws can occur in operating system programs, support software or application software.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Security-Flaw" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Boundary-Condition-Violation">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Inadvertent-Flaw" />
    <rdfs:comment>A boundary condition violation is caused by the omission of checks to assure constraints (e.g. in table size, file allocation or other resource consumption) are not exceeded.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Development-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Fault" />
    <rdfs:comment>Development faults are all faults that occur during development.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Improper-Obtainment">
    <rdfs:comment>To read, copy, print, or disseminate - this must be done in close connection with the intent to further a fraud.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Data-Fraud" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Threat-To-Dependable-Systems">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Dependable-Systems-Technology"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Data-Fraud">
    <rdfs:comment>Data fraud is a combination of input fraud, where the offender dishonestly enters improper data or data improperly, and output fraud where the offender dishonestly suppresses or amends data being output.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Computer-Fraud" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Catastrophic-Failure">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Failure" />
    <rdfs:comment>Failures where the cost of harmful consequences is orders of magnitude, or even incommensurably, higher than the benefit provided by correct service delivery.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Consistent-Failure">
    <rdfs:comment>A Consistent failure is where the incorrect service is perceived identically by all system users.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Failure" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Physical-Exploitation">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Vulnerability-Exploitation" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Error-Handling">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Recovery"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Error Handling eliminates errors from the system state.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Detected-Error">
    <rdfs:comment>A detected error is an error that is indicated by an error message or error signal.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Error" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Privileged-Utilities">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Support-Flaw" />
    <rdfs:comment>Privileged utilities provide functions that were not anticipated when the operating system was built.  They can have flaws that, because they are also granted privileges, can compromise security.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Model-Checking">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Static-Verification" />
    <rdfs:comment>Model checking causes the verification of a model that is conducted on a model of the system behaviour, where the model is usually a state-transition model.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Elementary-Failure">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Computer-Systems-Vulnerability" />
    <rdfs:comment>A failure is an event that occurs when the delivered service deviates from correct service.  This class represents the different types of failure that can occur in a system.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Run-Attack">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Program-Fraud"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Active-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Fault" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Reliability">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Attribute-Of-Dependable-Systems"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Reliability means continuity of correct service.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Unknown-Flaw">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Operating-System-Flaw"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Any operating system security flaw that does not fit into one of the other classes. </rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Timing-Error">
    <rdfs:comment>A timing error causes a timing fault.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Error" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Modelling">
    <rdfs:comment>Modelling uses the data that was obtained by evaluation testing.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Probabilistic-Evaluation" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Adaptive-Maintenance">
    <rdfs:comment>Adaptive maintenance is to make adjustments to environmental changes.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Maintenance-By-Modification" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Program-Availability-Attack">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Program-Fraud"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Inconsistent-Failure">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Failure"/>
    <rdfs:comment>An inconsistent failure is where some or all system users perceive differently incorrect service.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Logic-Bomb">
    <rdfs:comment>A logic or time bomb is a piece of code that remains dormant in the host system until a certain 'detonation' time or event occurs.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Malicious-Flaw"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Crack">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Password-Attack" />
    <rdfs:comment>If a password is cracked, it may suggest access to the password file.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Fraud-By-Insertion">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Data-Fraud"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Masquerade">
    <rdfs:comment>Masquerade is the unauthorised impersonation of an authorised user or of an entity.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Computer-Fraud-Without-Authorisation" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Late-Timing-Failure">
    <rdfs:comment>A late timing failure is when the time of arrival or the duration of the information delivered at the service interface is later than implementing the system function.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Timing-Failure" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Validation-Error">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Inadvertent-Flaw" />
    <rdfs:comment>A validation error occurs when a program fails to check that the parameters supplied or returned to it conform to its assumptions about them, or when these checks are misplaced , so they are ineffectual.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Means-To-Attain-Dependable-Systems">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Dependable-Systems-Technology"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Includes all methods that are used to attain dependable systems.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Development-Failure">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Failure"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Partial or complete development failures are caused by development faults.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Signalled-Failure">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Failure"/>
    <rdfs:comment>A signalled failure is when losses are detected and signalled by a warning signal.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Inconsistent-Error">
    <rdfs:comment>An inconsistent error causes an inconsistent fault.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Error" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Non-Replicating">
    <rdfs:comment>A trojan horse that does not replicate itself.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Trojan-Horse"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Non-Malicious-Flaw">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Intentional-Flaw"/>
    <rdfs:comment>A malicious flaw is an intentional flaw where the objective is not to cause harm or damage to a system.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Non-Malicious-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Fault" />
    <rdfs:comment>Non-Malicious faults are introduced without malicious objectives.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Deliberate-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Fault" />
    <rdfs:comment>Deliberate faults are due to bad decisions, that is, intended actions are wrong and cause faults.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Non-Malicious-Fault"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Covert-Channel">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Non-Malicious-Flaw"/>
    <rdfs:comment>A covert channel is a path used to transfer information in a way not intended by the systems designers.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Availability">
    <rdfs:comment>Availability means readiness for correct service.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Attribute-Of-Dependable-Systems"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Content-Error">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Error" />
    <rdfs:comment>A content error causes a content fault.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Dynamic-Verification">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Verification" />
    <rdfs:comment>Dynamic verification means to verify a system through exercising it.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Computer-Systems-Vulnerability">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&akt;Research-Area" />
    <rdfs:comment>Vulnerability here means all threats that can cause a computer system to malfunction or stop.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Preventive-maintenance">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Repair" />
    <rdfs:comment>Preventive Maintenance means the discovery and removal of dormant faults.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Data-Availability-Attack">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Data-Fraud"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="RollForward">
    <rdfs:comment>RollForward is when a state without detected errors is a new state.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Error-Handling"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Unsignalled-Failure">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Failure"/>
    <rdfs:comment>The opposite of a signalled failure.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Content-Failure">
    <rdfs:comment>A content failure is when the content of information delivered at the service interface deviates from implementing the system function.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Failure"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Inadvertent-Flaw">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Security-Flaw" />
    <rdfs:comment>Inadvertent flaws may occur in requirements or they may also find their way into software during specification and coding.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Complete-Development-Failure">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Development-Failure"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Development failures that lead to project termination.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Unprivileged-Utilities">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Support-Flaw" />
    <rdfs:comment>Unprivileged utilities represent vulnerability through being widely shared and highly relied upon.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Fault">
    <rdfs:comment>This class is used to classify an instance of a fault that can be further described by the properties whose range are subclasses from the Elementary Fault class.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Threat-To-Dependable-Systems"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Integrity">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Attribute-Of-Dependable-Systems"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Integrity means absence of improper system alterations.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Non-Numerical-Content-Failure">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Content-Failure"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Includes alphabets, graphics, colours, sounds.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Preemptive-Detection">
    <rdfs:comment>Pre-emptive detection takes place while normal service delivery is suspended; checks the system for latent errors and dormant faults.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Error-Detection"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Error">
    <rdfs:comment>This class is used to classify an instance of an error that can be further described by the elementary-error-type property whose range is the Elementary error class.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Threat-To-Dependable-Systems"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Application-Flaw">
    <rdfs:comment>Application software is software that has no special system privileges and are not widely shared.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Software-Flaw"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Rollback">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Error-Handling"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Rollback brings the system back to a saved state that existed prior to error occurrence.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Fabrication">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Transit-Attack"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Other-Exploitable-Logic-Error">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Inadvertent-Flaw"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Any other inadvertent flaw that does not fit in the other categories.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Concurrent-Detection">
    <rdfs:comment>Concurrent Detection takes place during normal service delivery.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Error-Detection"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Safety">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Attribute-Of-Dependable-Systems"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Safety means the absence of catastrophic consequences on the user(s) and the environment.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Verification">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Fault-Removal" />
    <rdfs:comment>Verification is the process of checking whether the system adheres to given properties.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Confidentiality">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Attribute-Of-Dependable-Systems"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Confidentiality is the absence of unauthorised disclosure of information.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Data-Improperly-Inserted">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Fraud-By-Insertion"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Early-Timing-Failure">
    <rdfs:comment>An early timing failure is when the time of arrival or the duration of the information delivered at the service interface is earlier than implementing the system function.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Timing-Failure" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Diagnosis">
    <rdfs:comment>Diagnosis identifies and records the cause(s) of error(s) in terms of both location and type.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Fault-Handling" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Accidental-Fault">
    <rdfs:comment>Accidental faults are mistakes and bad decisions, as long as they are not made with malicious objectives and were not caused by incompetence. </rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Fault" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Improper-Parameters">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Run-Attack"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Computer-Fraud-Without-Authorisation">
    <rdfs:comment>Without authorisation means to access a protected computer without authorisation.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Computer-Fraud" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Password-Attack">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Impersonation" />
    <rdfs:comment>Attacks that try to discover a password.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Elementary-Computer-Fraud">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Computer-Systems-Vulnerability"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Elementary-Error">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Computer-Systems-Vulnerability"/>
    <rdfs:comment>An error is the part of a systems state that may lead to a failure.  This class represents all the different types of errors that can be found in a system.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Static-Verification">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Verification"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Static verification means verifying a system without actual execution.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Run-Attack-Without-Authorisation">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Run-Attack"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Timing-Failure">
    <rdfs:comment>A timing failure is when the time of arrival or the duration of the information delivered at the service interface deviates from implementing the system function.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Failure"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Schedule-Failure">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Complete-Development-Failure"/>
    <rdfs:comment>A schedule failure is when the project delivery schedule slips to a point in the future where the system would be technologically obsolete or functionally inadequate for the user's needs.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Testing">
    <rdfs:comment>Testing means that the inputs supplied to a system for verification are actual.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Dynamic-Verification"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Trapdoor">
    <rdfs:comment>A trapdoor is a hidden piece of code that responds to a special input, allowing its user access to resources without passing through the normal security enforcement mechanism.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Malicious-Flaw"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Interruption">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Transit-Attack"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Halt-Failure">
    <rdfs:comment>A halt failure is when the system is halted (the external state becomes constant, i.e., system activity, if there is any, is no longer perceptible to the users).</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Failure"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Identification-Flaw">
    <rdfs:comment>The identification and authentication flaws occur in functions of the operating system that maintain special files for user ID's and passwords and provide functions to check and update those files as appropriate.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Operating-System-Flaw"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Consistent-Error">
    <rdfs:comment>A consistent error causes a consistent fault.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Error"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Support-Flaw">
    <rdfs:comment>Support software comprises compilers, editors, debuggers, subroutine or macro libraries, database management systems and any other programs not properly within the operating system boundary that many users share.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Software-Flaw"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Fault-Handling">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Recovery"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Fault Handling prevents faults from being activated again.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Inadequate-Authentication">
    <rdfs:comment>An inadequate authentication flaw is one that permits a protected operation to be invoked without sufficiently checking the identity and authority of the invoking agent.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Inadvertent-Flaw"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Internal-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Active-Fault"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Replicating">
    <rdfs:comment>A trojan horse that replicates itself by copying its code into other program files.  Commonly called a virus.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Trojan-Horse"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Failure">
    <rdfs:comment>This class is used to classify an instance of a failure that can be further described by the properties whose range are subclasses from the Elementary Failure class.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Threat-To-Dependable-Systems"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Catastrophic-Error">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Error"/>
    <rdfs:comment>A catastrophic error causes a catastrophic fault.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Partial-Development-Failure">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Development-Failure"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Development failures of lesser severity than project termination</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Elementary-Security-Flaw">
    <rdfs:comment>This class represents all the different types of security risks that a system has from the viewpoints of genesis, time and location.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Computer-Systems-Vulnerability"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Memory-Management-Flaw">
    <rdfs:comment>Memory management are functions the operating system provides to control storage space. </rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Operating-System-Flaw"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Communications-Exploitation">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Vulnerability-Exploitation" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Storage">
    <rdfs:comment>A storage covert channel transfers information through the setting of bits by one program and the reading of those bits by another.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Covert-Channel"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Malicious-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Fault" />
    <rdfs:comment>Malicious faults are human-made faults that have a malicious objective.  They are introduced during either system development to cause harm to the system during its use, or directly during use.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Device-Management-Flaw">
    <rdfs:comment>Device management includes complex programs that operate in parallel with the CPU.  Can occur when the I/O routines fail to respect parameters provided for them or they validate parameters provided in storage locations that can be altered, directly or indirectly, by user programs after checks are made.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Operating-System-Flaw"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Evaluation-Testing">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Probabilistic-Evaluation" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Medium-Failure">
    <rdfs:comment>A medium failure is where the harmful consequences are slightly greater in cost than the benefits provided by correct service delivery.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Failure"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Compensation">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Error-Handling"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Compensation is when the erroneous state contains enough redundancy to enable an error to be masked.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Budget-Failure">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Complete-Development-Failure"/>
    <rdfs:comment>A budget failure is when the allocated funds are exhausted before the system passes acceptance testing.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Dormant-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Fault" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Minor-Error">
    <rdfs:comment>A minor error causes a minor fault.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Error"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Improper-Data-Insertion">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Fraud-By-Insertion"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Isolation">
    <rdfs:comment>Isolation performs physical or logical exclusion of the faulty components from further participation in service delivery, i.e. makes the fault dormant.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Fault-Handling"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Maintenance-By-Modification">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Maintenance-Task" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="File-Management-Flaw">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Operating-System-Flaw"/>
    <rdfs:comment>File management systems typically use the process, memory and device management functions to create long-term storage structures.  The operating system boundary includes the file system, which often implements access controls to permit users to share and protect their files. Errors in these controls, or in the management of underlying files, can easily result in security flaws.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Overrun">
    <rdfs:comment>Overruns occur when the development is completed, but the funds or time needed to complete the effort exceed the original estimates.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Partial-Development-Failure"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Timing">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Covert-Channel"/>
    <rdfs:comment>A timing covert channel conveys information by modulating some aspect of system behaviour over time, so that the program receiving information can observe system behaviour and infer protected information.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Latent-Error">
    <rdfs:comment>A latent error is an error that is present but not detected.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Error"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Other">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Non-Malicious-Flaw"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Process-Management-Flaw">
    <rdfs:comment>Process management are functions the operating system provides to control CPU time. </rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Operating-System-Flaw"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Harvest">
    <rdfs:comment>If a password was harvested (through visual spying, social engineering, sniffing or key logging attacks, it may suggest low awareness in the password protection area.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Password-Attack"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Ordinal-Evaluation">
    <rdfs:comment>Ordinal, or qualitative, evaluation aims to identify, classify and rank the failure modes, or the event combinations (component failures or environmental conditions) that would lead to system failures.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Fault-Forecasting"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Medium-Error">
    <rdfs:comment>A medium error causes a medium fault.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Error"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Theorem-Proving">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Static-Verification"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Modification">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Transit-Attack"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Security-Flaw">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Threat-To-Dependable-Systems"/>
    <rdfs:comment>This class is used to classify an instance of a security flaw that can be further described by the properties whose range are subclasses from the Elementary Security Flaw class.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Password-Trafficking">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Impersonation" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Corrective-Maintenance">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Repair" />
    <rdfs:comment>Corrective Maintenance means the removal of reported faults.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Minor-Failure">
    <rdfs:comment>A minor failure is where the harmful consequences are of similar cost to the benefits provided by correct service delivery.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Failure"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="External-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Active-Fault"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Permanent-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Active-Fault"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Transient-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Active-Fault"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Computer-Fraud">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Threat-To-Dependable-Systems"/>
    <rdfs:comment>The class of all types of computer fraud that is defined as 'knowingly and with intent to defraud, access a protected computer without authorisation, or exceeds authorised access, and by means of such conduct furthers the intended fraud and obtains anything of value, unless the object of the fraud and the thing obtained consists only of the use of the computer and the value of such use is not more than $5000 in any 1 year period. (US Computer fraud and Abuse Act).</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Fault-Removal">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Means-To-Attain-Dependable-Systems"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Fault removal during the development phase of a system lifecycle consists of verification, diagnosis and correction.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Vulnerability-Exploitation">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Computer-Fraud-Without-Authorisation"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Maintenance-Task">
    <rdfs:comment>Maintenance tasks include not only repairs, but also all modifications of the system that take place during the use phase of system life.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Means-To-Attain-Dependable-Systems"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Probabilistic-Evaluation">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Fault-Forecasting"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Probabilistic, or quantitative, evaluation aims to evaluate in terms of probabilities the extent to which some of the attributes are satisfied; those attributes are then viewed as measures.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Omission-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Human-Made-Fault" />
    <rdfs:comment>The absence of actions when actions should have been performed.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Human-Made-Fault">
    <rdfs:comment>Human-made faults includes absence of actions when actions should be performed or performing wrong actions.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Fault" />
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Elusive-Fault">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Permanent-Fault"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Major-Failure">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Failure"/>
    <rdfs:comment>A major failure is where the harmful consequences are much greater in cost than the benefits provided by correct service delivery.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Impersonation">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Masquerade"/>
    <rdfs:comment>Impersonation is the use of another person's password or authentication ticket reuse.</rdfs:comment>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Repair">
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Maintenance-Task"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Erratic-Failure">
    <rdfs:comment>An erratic failure is when a service is delivered (not halted) but is erratic.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Elementary-Failure"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:Class rdf:ID="Elementary-Fault">
    <rdfs:comment>A fault is the cause of an error and this class includes all faults that may affect a system during its life, classified according to 8 basic viewpoints. These viewpoints are the slots of the Fault Class.  The range of the slots corresponds to the 2 Elementary Faults that can be associated with each viewpoint.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Computer-Systems-Vulnerability"/>
  </owl:Class>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="produces">
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Active-Fault"/>
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Error"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="has-dimension"/>
  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="leads-to">
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Error"/>
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="system-boundary-fault-type">
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Fault"/>
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="has-genesis-flaw-type">
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Security-Flaw"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="has-objective"/>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="has-fraud-without-authorisation-type">
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Computer-Fraud"/>
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="phenomenological-cause-fault-type">
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Fault"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="has-detectable-failure-type">
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Failure"/>
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="elementary-error-type">
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Error"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="state-fault-type">
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Fault"/>
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="capability-fault-type">
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Fault"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="phase-of-creation">
    <rdfs:domain>
      <owl:Class>
        <owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
          <owl:Class rdf:about="#Development-Fault"/>
          <owl:Class rdf:about="#Operational-Fault"/>
        </owl:unionOf>
      </owl:Class>
    </rdfs:domain>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="has-program-fraud-type">
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Computer-Fraud"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="persistence-fault-type">
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Fault"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="objective-fault-type">
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Fault"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="dimension-fault-type">
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Fault"/>
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="has-consistent-failure-type">
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Failure"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="intent-fault-type">
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Fault"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="phase-of-creation-fault-type">
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Fault"/>
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="system-boundaries"/>
  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="has-location">
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Security-Flaw"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="phenomenological-cause"/>
  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="has-domain">
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Failure"/>
    <rdfs:range>
      <owl:Class>
        <owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
          <owl:Class rdf:about="#Late-Timing-Failure"/>
          <owl:Class rdf:about="#Content-Failure"/>
          <owl:Class rdf:about="#Erratic-Failure"/>
          <owl:Class rdf:about="#Early-Timing-Failure"/>
          <owl:Class rdf:about="#Halt-Failure"/>
        </owl:unionOf>
      </owl:Class>
    </rdfs:range>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="has-data-fraud-type">
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Computer-Fraud"/>
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="has-consequence">
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Failure"/>
  </owl:ObjectProperty>

  <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="has-pretty-name">
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&xsd;string"/>
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Threat-To-Dependable-Systems"/>
  </owl:DatatypeProperty>

  <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="has-intent">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;FunctionalProperty"/>
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&xsd;string"/>
  </owl:DatatypeProperty>

  <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="is-physical-fault">
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&xsd;boolean"/>
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Fault"/>
  </owl:DatatypeProperty>

  <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="is-reproducable">
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&xsd;boolean"/>
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Permanent-Fault"/>
  </owl:DatatypeProperty>

  <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="is-development-fault">
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Fault"/>
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&xsd;boolean"/>
  </owl:DatatypeProperty>

  <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="is-interaction-fault">
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Fault"/>
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&xsd;boolean"/>
  </owl:DatatypeProperty>

  <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="is-malicious">
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&xsd;string"/>
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;FunctionalProperty"/>
  </owl:DatatypeProperty>

  <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="has-capability">
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&xsd;string"/>
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;FunctionalProperty"/>
  </owl:DatatypeProperty>

  <owl:FunctionalProperty rdf:ID="is-persistent">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;DatatypeProperty"/>
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&xsd;boolean"/>
  </owl:FunctionalProperty>
</rdf:RDF>
